X-ray imaging is unable to differentiate between certain types of cells, since the X-ray light is strong and passes through the soft tissue. Scattering substances such as iodine can be used to increase the resolution of the X-ray image. However, these can only be used where the blood flow is high. Lon Wilson from the Rice University, Houston, has proposed the use of carbon nanotubes that can be filled with iodine solution and coated with special proteins. This would allow the X-ray machine to target the desired types of cells.

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